Taking the newly-built paint testing laboratory as an example, it expounds the concept and principles of planning and design in the construction of the paint testing laboratory, puts forward the principle that relevant parties participate in the design first, and summarizes the environmental requirements and basic requirements for the construction of the paint laboratory. Provide reference and reference for laboratory construction design.
0 Preface
Today, with the continuous improvement of product quality awareness, the quality inspection laboratory, as the core technical institution of the product quality monitoring system and the government's public service platform, plays a role in providing decision-making basis for government functional departments, providing a testing platform for enterprises, and serving local economic development. huge effect. As an anti-corrosion protection material, coatings are widely used in the anti-corrosion protection of materials in various fields such as construction, ships, automobiles, and equipment manufacturing. However, the losses caused by corrosion in my country are huge every year. In addition to sufficient understanding, the manufacture, use and management of anti-corrosion materials are relatively backward, especially the use of low-grade and inferior anti-corrosion coatings, which is an important reason for the decline in anti-corrosion effects. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen and accelerate the construction of coating testing laboratories, provide R&D and testing platforms for coating production and use enterprises, improve the service life of corresponding products, reduce national economic losses caused by corrosion, and promote resource conservation.
At present, in developed countries such as Europe and the United States, laboratory construction design has already
Gradually become an increasingly mature comprehensive technology. The construction and design of laboratories in my country is still an emerging industry. Due to the lack of professional and targeted design and construction guidance, some laboratories are unscientific in design, and even built laboratories have potential safety hazards, resulting in unnecessary renovations. Waste of resources. The focus of laboratory design and construction is to meet the needs of testing products and testing items, while considering the characteristics and development orientation of laboratory services, and creating a good cognitive space for employees. The construction of a testing laboratory is a complex system engineering, coupled with the particularity of coating products and the diversity of applications, doomed to the complexity of the construction of coating laboratories. Xinxin laboratory is a scientific laboratory building with complete facilities, complete functions, high degree of intelligence, and high security protection measures, which can meet the vast majority of experiments [1-3]. Based on the above factors, combined with the construction of the new base project of our unit's inspection public service platform, we will briefly talk about several issues that should be paid attention to during the construction of the testing laboratory from the perspective of use.
1 Laboratory design concepts and principles
All the construction planning of the laboratory is inseparable from its use and positioning, and the success or failure of the laboratory construction comes from the implementation of the design concept. Modern laboratory design should be based on the concept of people-oriented, safe and practical, and professional development, and should be carried out in accordance with the principles of integrated design, highlighting the whole, taking special considerations, and participating in the design first.
1) Humanization: The laboratory is a place for testing personnel to work. Reasonable layout and workflow, sufficient operating space, and a comfortable environment are the most basic requirements for humanization.
2) Safety: Since solvent-based coatings are mostly flammable and explosive products, chemical reagents have a certain degree of toxicity, and some of them are quite toxic. In the design of fire and explosion protection, laboratory safety design such as protection of personal health is particularly important. . Therefore, when designing, the first thing to consider is the safety factor , considering the smooth and unimpeded evacuation, evacuation, escape, safe passage, and fire protection design should be completed by a professional company.
3) Professionalism: The laboratory is a place where specific tests are completed, and the design must be professionally designed in conjunction with specific test items in order to maximize functions and rationalize the layout.
4) Foresight: Modern laboratories are in continuous development, and the testing items are also expanding with the advancement of technology. It is one of the design considerations that we must leave enough room for future development.
5) Practicability: rationally use the laboratory space, equip with appropriate test facilities, and control the scale and budget of construction.
6) The principle of integrated design, highlighting the whole and taking into account the special: the construction of the laboratory focuses on the design, the integrated design, highlighting the whole and taking into account the special. It should be advanced in consciousness and practical in function, so as to meet the current and future work for a long period of time as the goal, and have certain scalability, especially in terms of water, electricity, ventilation and other loads. As a third-party testing public platform serving the local economy, this laboratory is required to be able to test the vast majority of coating products. Therefore, its generality should be considered first in the design, and then the special requirements. When laboratory users put forward design requirements, they should avoid silos and make minor adjustments under the guidance of the overall design ideas of the laboratory, so as to avoid the situation of being at a loss when adjusting internally in the laboratory.
7) The principle of relevant parties participating in the design first: different laboratory designs
For the design of ordinary buildings, the design of laboratories requires the participation of architectural design units, planning and decoration design units and user units at the same time, so that the expected goals can be achieved more effectively. The architectural design of traditional laboratories is based on the existing national building standards, and most of them are based on appearance and structure, rather than on laboratory functions, and there are deficiencies such as the disconnection between architectural design and functional design. To avoid the old way of first building a building and then designing it, the standards of relevant parties are needed, which are mostly based on appearance and structure, rather than laboratory functions, and there are shortcomings such as a disconnect between architectural design and functional design. To avoid the old way of building first and then designing, it is necessary for relevant parties to participate in the design first. Laboratory users know the test requirements best, and they come up with the most fundamental functional requirements first, so that decoration designers and architectural designers can adopt a more professional perspective. When designing a building, only by combining the strengths of the three can a satisfactory project be made and the original intention of the laboratory user be realized. The pre-process design of the construction project can ensure that each stage of the project is completed according to the target, which is conducive to the smooth implementation of the project.
2 Division of laboratory functional units and overall layout
Coating product testing can be roughly divided into the following five categories according to the testing items.
1) Testing of basic physical properties and construction performance of coatings, such as color, transparency , solid content, density, viscosity, fineness, workability, drying time, hiding power, spreading rate, sanding property, leveling property, sag property, Storage, pot life, porosity, flash point, resin qualitative, dry film wet film thickness, etc.
2) Routine physical property testing of the coating film, including mechanical properties such as adhesion, hardness, flexibility, impact resistance, abrasion resistance, cupping, tensile properties, compression resistance, etc., optical properties such as appearance, color, gloss, and vividness , haze test, etc. Chemical resistance such as salt water resistance, acid resistance, alkali resistance, chemical resistance, pollution resistance, oil resistance, etc., water resistance, boiling water resistance, etc.
3) Coating film environmental test, such as weather resistance, artificial aging resistance, salt spray , chemical gas resistance, freeze-thaw resistance, heat resistance, humidity resistance, temperature change resistance, mildew resistance, etc.
4) Detection of toxic and harmful substances and prohibited substances, such as detection of formaldehyde , detection of prohibited chemicals such as organic tin product testing.
5) Testing of special items for special coatings, such as coating fire performance, electrical performance, cathodic disbonding, chloride ion permeability, anti-condensation, thermal conductivity, antifouling, etc.
Combined with the testing items and the testing process, the testing laboratory can generally set up the following functional units: sample room, spray film making room, high temperature drying room, paint basic laboratory, constant temperature and humidity laboratory, artificial aging room, Artificial corrosion laboratory, general environment laboratory, physical and chemical analysis room, balance room, high temperature room, standard solution preparation room, organic pretreatment room, inorganic pretreatment room, raw material testing room, instrument analysis room (including gas phase room, gas temperature room, Liquid phase and ion chromatography room, atomic spectrum room, molecular spectrum room, physical property analysis room, electron microscope room, etc.), and auxiliary washing room, pure water room, gas cylinder room, reagent storage room, business acceptance room, research office, Archives etc.
The above functional units can be divided into test area ( controlled , and the two should be properly isolated and controlled. The layout of the laboratory is not simply the placement of instruments. The layout of the laboratory should be determined after the main building is determined, comprehensively considering the overall planning of the laboratory, operation process design, specialization, reasonable function distribution, and power distribution, water supply, gas supply, and ventilation. Purification, safety, environmental protection and other infrastructure and basic conditions, and meet the requirements of relevant laws and regulations and relevant parties, such as laboratory measurement certification and accreditation requirements. In addition, coatings are roughly divided into two categories: water-based coatings and solvent-based coatings. Solvent-based coatings are dangerous chemicals, flammable and explosive , and attention should be paid when designing relevant test areas. From the division of functional units above, it can be seen that the paint laboratory has both the characteristics of a general analysis laboratory and its own special requirements, such as a special spraying room, a constant temperature and humidity room, etc. The layout of the paint testing laboratory is shown in Figure 1.
3 design requirements
3.1 Environmental Design Requirements
3.1.1 Laboratory ventilation design
During the testing process, the coating will use and produce some toxic, pathogenic or unknown toxic chemical gases, which need to be removed in time to prevent the laboratory staff from inhaling them. Laboratory ventilation system and general air conditioning system
Ventilation requirements are different. In addition to providing a safe and comfortable working environment, the ventilation system must also ensure the timely removal of harmful gases, reduce the possibility of Testers being exposed to dangerous air, and protect the health of Testers . Commonly used ventilation equipment are: fume hood, fume hood or local ventilation device. The ventilation system can usually be divided into a fresh air supply system, an exhaust system, a make-up air return system, and a quiet system. Ventilation system design should also be based on building functions, plane distribution and use requirements, comprehensive technology, economy, management and other factors, and consider factors such as process flow, use conditions and harmful gas properties . Laboratory ventilation requires all fresh air to come from the outside, and polluted gases cannot be circulated indoors and must be 100% discharged.
3.1.2 Humidity and temperature control
The temperature, humidity and airflow speed in the laboratory have an impact on the personnel and equipment working in the laboratory , and need to be properly controlled, especially for coating testing. Relevant standards have requirements for temperature and humidity control , and some are even more demanding. It is necessary to build a constant temperature and humidity room to strictly control its test temperature and humidity. In addition, precision analytical instruments such as infrared spectroscopy rooms should control the temperature and humidity as needed .
3.1.3 Cleanliness
It is very important to take necessary measures to keep the laboratory clean . The dust in the outdoor atmosphere will enter the laboratory the dust content in the laboratory is too high, it will affect the test results. In the spraying experiment
Indoors, it will directly affect the quality of the paint film. In addition, particles have a great impact on the use of precision analytical instruments , affect the service life of equipment, and may even constitute obstacles and cause other potential dangers.
3.2 Basic facility design requirements 3.2.1 Power supply
实验室由于其工作的特殊性，需要保证电源的质量安全可靠性及连续性，配电功率要满足当前需求，并有一定的富余以满足将来发展的要求，在电力配置时应该足量一次性配置到位，并注意用电的特殊要求，如三相电、低压电等要有良好的接地。一般用电和试验用电需要分开，对一些精密、贵重仪器设备，要求提供稳压、恒流、稳频、抗干扰的电源，必要时须建立不中断供电系统，还要配备专用电源等。
3.2.2供水与排水
实验室的用水可以分为一般试验用水、专用试验用水、喷淋用水、消防用水等，除了必要的自来水，还要建立满足分析需要的试验用纯水系统，以满足精密仪器分析使用要求，在实验室布局设计中需要充分考虑实验室的使用功能来配套相应的供水系统。实验室的给排水系统属于建筑基建部分，并且消防设施需法定验收，更改困难，因此在设计中需要提前考虑试单元的用水要求，预先设置。如仪器室的用水、前处理室的洗眼器、喷淋用水等应预先设置。同时由于实验室使用各种化学试剂，产生的废水性质不一样，应分别处理，现代化的实验室应建设配套的污水处理站，需要使实验室的有害废水得到净化处理后才能排入下水管道。
3.2.3供气
现代仪器分析中会使用到各种压缩气体，如色谱质谱用到的压缩空气、氮气、氢气、氦气、ＩＣＰ－ＯＥＳ用到的氩气等，结合实验室用气量的大小来选择使用压缩气体钢瓶和建设集中供气站，钢瓶应保持最少的数量，需要牢牢固定，或用金属链栓牢，不能在靠近火源、直接日晒、高温房间等温度可能升高的地方使用。
3.3特殊要求
According to试验特点，需要特别考虑的因素如防火、隔热、防爆、防震等特殊要求，在进行相应实验室设计时要一并考虑进去，这样才能确保达到试验要求。
3.4人员防护系统单元设计要求
现代检测实验室除了人性化使用设计外，更应注重人员防护，实验室除要求检测人员遵守良好的操作规范等主动防护措施外，在建设实验室过程中还要设置被动防护措施，如紧急洗眼器、紧急喷淋装置、紧急照明报警设施、消毒盥洗设施等，并且要置于最方便、最显眼的位置，确保随时可以使用。
4结语
Due to the particularity of coating products, there are many testing items. In addition to traditional physical and chemical items, there are many special analytical testing instruments, and more and more modern large-scale analytical instruments are applied to coating testing, basically covering common chemical analysis. Fields, such as chromatographic analysis, spectral analysis, electrochemical analysis, etc. In addition, it also includes various environmental simulation tests such as salt spray test, high-low temperature test, artificial weather aging, etc., which puts forward more and more professional requirements for the laboratory, and needs to be considered in many aspects during construction. The construction of the laboratory is a complex system engineering, which requires the cooperation of professional designers. We should try our best to avoid the wrong concept of building the building first and then designing the laboratory. Only by professional participation and design first can we better highlight the practicality of the laboratory.
