Application of Laser particle sizer in Coating Analysis and Testing

foreword

In paint manufacturing technology, the particle size and particle size distribution of pigments and fillers used are very important indicators, which have a very important impact on the performance of paint products. The large-scale instrument laser particle size analyzer can effectively carry out particle size analysis, and can quickly give test results, which brings convenience to coating developers. The laser particle size analyzer is an instrument with precise parts and complex structure. When using it, it is necessary to set the condition parameters accurately in order to obtain effective test results. The dry dispersion method uses compressed air as a dispersant to disperse the sample, which is suitable for the test of powder samples; the wet dispersion method uses a solvent as a dispersant, disperses with ultrasonic waves, and then generates scattering signals through laser beam irradiation, which can be used for dry powder. Tests can also be performed on emulsions and suspensions. The two test methods need to be selected according to the sample situation.

1 test equipment

The German Sympatec company manufactures HELOS/ OASIS dry and wet two-in-one laser particle size analyzer, the test range is 0.1-875 μm, and the three lenses are installed: R 1 (0.1-35 μm); R3 (0.5- 175 μm); R 5 (0.5-875 μm).

2 Test Principle

The working principle of laser particle size analyzer is based on light scattering theory and diffraction theory. Absorption, reflection, scattering, and diffraction of light can occur when the light beam is projected onto the dispersion system of the instrument . When the frequency of the incident light is the same as the natural frequency of the molecule, light absorption occurs; when the wavelength of the incident light is smaller than the size of the dispersed particles, light reflection, diffraction , etc. size, light scattering occurs . Generally, for particles below 0.1 μm, the diffraction phenomenon disappears , and the scattering phenomenon mainly occurs; for particles between 0.1 μm and 10 μm, diffraction light is mainly used, and the particles will produce part of refracted and scattered light; for particles larger than 10 μm, scattering and All refraction disappears, and diffraction dominates. According to the Fraunhofer diffraction theory, for particles of 10 μm and 0.1 ~ 10 μm, the size of the diffraction angle is related to the size of the particle, and the intensity of the diffracted light is related to the number of particles, so the size and number of particles can be determined . For particles of 0.1-10 μm below 0.1 μm, according to the Mie scattering theory, not only the diffraction of light, but also the scattering and refraction of light are considered, and the calculation is carried out according to the comprehensive refractive index of the particles, so as to obtain the particle size and size.

3 Several important characterization parameters related to particle size analysis

X 50 : The particle size value corresponding to when the cumulative distribution percentage reaches 50% , which is one of the important indicators reflecting the particle size characteristics of the powder. X 50 is also called median diameter or median particle diameter.

( X 10 , X 90 ): means that particles smaller than X 10 account for 10% of the total number of particles , and particles larger than X 90 account for 10% of the total volume. The two features combine to represent the range of the particle size distribution of the sample.

X (4,3): Indicates the volume average particle diameter, the definition formula is: VMD= ∑ni X 4 i /∑ ni X 3 i , under normal circumstances, its value is very close , but if the particle size distribution is serious When asymmetrical, it can also be significantly inconsistent .

X (3, 2): represents the area average particle size, defined as: SMD= ∑ni X 3 i /∑ ni X 2 i , which is inversely proportional to the specific surface area in theory[3].

4 Experimental part

4.1 Determination of particle size and particle size distribution of zinc (Zn) powder by dry dispersion method

Measurement conditions: vibration tank frequency 70%; pressure 0.4 MPa; evaluation method: HRLD; test time: 10 s. Choose R 1 , R 3 , R 5 lenses to test respectively , and the results are shown in Table 1.

Application of laser particle size analyzer in coating analysis and testing with Figure 1

Application of laser particle size analyzer in coating analysis and testing with picture 2

Application of laser particle size analyzer in coating analysis and testing with Figure 3

4.2 Determination of particle size and particle size distribution of zinc (Zn) powder by wet dispersion method

Dispersion medium: water; dispersant: sodium hexametaphosphate; stirring speed : 40%; ultrasonic dispersion time: 30 s.

Application of laser particle size analyzer in coating analysis and testing with Figure 4

Application of laser particle size analyzer in coating analysis and testing with Figure 5

5 Results and Discussion

5.1 Discussion of Zn powder test results

从Zn粉的干分散法测试结果可以看出,不同镜头的测试结果有一些差异,虽然样品颗粒都在位于镜头的同一区域内测量,但是由于各个镜头分辨率不同,小镜头分辨率高,大镜头分辨率低,大镜头在测细小颗粒时很难测到细颗粒的衍射光,从而使分析结果产生误差。如表1所示,R 1 的X 50 为4.89 μm,R 2 的X 50 为4.91 μm,R5的X 50 为4.10 μm。由 于R 1 镜头的测试范围为0.1~35 μm,R 3 镜头的测试范围为0.5~175 μm,R5镜头的测试范围为0.5~875 μm,而每个镜头的测试范围又划分成31通道,R 1 镜头第一通道的分辨范围为0.1~0.18 μm;R 3 镜头第一通道的分辨范围为0.50~0.90 μm;R 5 镜头第一通道的分辨范围为为0.50~4.50 μm。通常选择合适的镜头要保证第一通道的颗粒累积分布含量值在5%以下,而表1中给出的R 5 镜头的第一通道的颗粒累积分布含量值高达55.61%,远远超出5%的要求值,所以使用该镜头会出现严重的偏差,会使样品的许多小颗粒漏检,测试结果出现偏小的错误数值。从表1还可以看出,累积分布含量为100%的通道组数,R 1 为2组,R 3 为8组,R 5 为20组,一般要求,合适的镜头也即合适的量程,样品累积分布含量达到100%的通道组数要保证4组左右,通过分析可以看出,该Zn粉样品使用R 3 镜头较为合适。

从Zn粉湿分散法测试图看,湿分散法测试结果比干分散法测试结果要大,这是使用不同的分散方法带来的测试差异。同样湿分散法测试时未加分散剂六偏磷酸钠的测试结果比加入六偏磷酸钠以后的测试结果也要偏大。

选择干分散法测试还是使用湿分散法测试,需According to具体的样品状况来决定。干分散法测试,方便、快捷,不过干分散法的分散系统采用了空气流来分散样品颗粒,由于样品的分子之间摩擦会产生静电力,就会使样品颗粒团聚,如果选择的压力偏低,就会造成样品在分散管内的分散不均,引起测试误差,同时干分散法测试时样品的消耗量也比较大。与干分散法相比,湿分散法可以使用超声波、合适的分散剂来分散样品,方式灵活多样,样品的用量也较少,缺点就是分散介质一定要找准确。再则,待测样品的状态也决定应该选择何种的测试方法,比如,有些易溶解的颜料颗粒就需要使用干分散法测试,而树脂乳液就要使用湿分散法。

很多样品,需要要在分散介质中加入分散剂,否则不能充分地进行分散。在分散介质中添加少量分散剂以后,会在样品颗粒的表面吸附上分散剂的正离子或负离子,从而产生水合作用,使颗粒间互相排斥。当排斥力大于颗粒间的范氏引力时,会使颗粒间保持良好的分散状态,所以,加入六偏磷酸钠等表面活性剂后,粒子分散状态良好,从而使测试结果比未加表面活性剂之前的测试结果降低。

5.2  测试方法的讨论

5.2.1 干分散测试方法的讨论

干分散法测试的步骤一般是先在仪器的软件操作界面上设置好样品的测试条件,然后启动背景测试按钮,系统会在没有添加样品的情况下测试出仪器镜头的光学状态以及管路的清洁状况,然后给出背景值,通常的背景值不要高于5。如果测试背景的值比较大,可以使用棉球蘸酒精擦拭镜头或者通过启动排气系统装置清除掉管道内残留的污物颗粒,背景测试正常之后,就可以进样进行测试。

干分散法测试是使用压缩空气对样品进行分散,要保证样品颗粒不会破碎,又能分散良好,同时取的样品量又有一定的代表性,所以对于干分散法测试条件的选择要特别注意空气的压力、遮光率的大小等关键参数,同时还要According to样品的特性,设定好进样速率,振动槽高度,测试的起始条件等。

遮光率反映了每次测试时激光束中有多少的样品,其值的大小不仅与样品的形态、组成有关,并且还与样品的多少成正比。所以测试所需样品的取样量的多少,需要According to遮光率数值的大小来进行调节,所需的量既要避免出现多元散射,又要避免信号不足。通常遮光度值控制在15%以下,很好的是在7%~10%。

在涂料中使用的钛白、氧化铁等密度比较大、粒径又比较细的颜料粒子由于静电力的作用,极易发生团聚,一般需使用0.3 MPa以上的压力才能有效进行样品的分散,而低于0.3 MPa的压力,样品就不能有效分散。红色颜料氧化铁使用0.1 MPa的压力,60%的速率进行测试时,分布图上出现了双峰,有一个高的尾峰,说明有大量的粒子团聚在一起未能分散,如图7所示。白色颜料钛白,使用0.1 MPa的压力,60%的速率也会出现大颗粒聚集的现象,如图8所示。所以对于不同的样品由于密度、颗粒粗细情况都不一样,所设定的分散压力也不一样。通常情况是在保证分散好的前提下,使用最小的分散压力,这样既可以分散开样品,又可以保护仪器的分散管,延长分散管的寿命。

5.2.2 湿分散测试方法的讨论

使用湿分散法测试,首先应设定湿分散法为当前测试方法,这时设备会自动从干分散法切换到湿分散法。然后再设定湿分散法的试验条件,如蠕动泵速,超声速率、时间,搅拌速度等,然后启动开始按钮,进行背景测试。若背景很高的话,需要清洗镜头,冲洗管路等,保证背景值比较低,再加入样品。控制加入的样品量,使遮光率保持在一定范围,遮光率范围可选择在5%~30%,以20%~30%为佳 [5] 。样品测试后,软件会以图表形式给出结果。

湿分散法选择分散介质的条件一般是:①呈透明状态,使激光可以通过;②与仪器的材料能够配套使用,不会溶解或改变样品的粒度;③对空气泡或其他粒子是不相溶的。④能够容易、稳定地分散样品颗粒。⑤其折射率与样品颗粒相差很大。⑥有合适的黏度可以循环。一般测试使用水为分散介质,在其中加入低泡沫的表面活性剂,以降低水的表面张力,也可视样品及仪器情况选用乙醇、异丙醇、己烷或异辛烷等作为分散介质。

Application of laser particle size analyzer in coating analysis and testing with Figure 6

涂料中使用的颜料像钛白、氧化铁、碳酸钙、高岭土等,其折射率等一般为2.50、2.60、2.42、1.52、1.61等,而水的折射率约为1.33,通常在加入表面活性剂之后,可以作为这些样品的分散介质。

合适的超声时间和强度,能给被分散样品合适的能量,利于被分散样品颗粒相互分散开,形成稳定、均匀的分散溶液。超声的功率过大或时间过长都容易导致样品破裂,所以使用时要进行超声时间和功率递增选择试验,观察最后的粒度测试图,图中粒度分布平稳不再减少时的时间和强度设定为最后的数值。

一般搅拌速率设定范围为1%~100%,当速率为100%时,功率为60 W。乳液经搅拌后容易带入气泡,引起误差,对测量结果会产生影响,如图9所示,在尾部出现一突起的峰,即为搅拌后引入气泡所致。所以乳液测试,搅拌速率不宜过高,以20%~50%为佳。

Application of laser particle size analyzer in coating analysis and testing

6 结 语

使用激光粒度仪可以准确测定颜填料、乳液、粉末涂料等的粒度及粒度分布,更可以方便地选择干分散法测量或湿分散法测量。两者都能客观地反映样品的粒度分布。不论选用湿分散法还是干分散法,为保证测试结果的准确性,从上面的讨论可以知道,应做到以下几点:

(1) 选用干分散法测试要选用合适的分散压力,只有选择的压力大小能完全分散开加入的样品颗粒,才能测出准确的样品颗粒度分布,否则测试的结果仅为该样品团聚颗粒的粒度分布,也不能满足样品测试重复性的要求。

(2) 湿分散法测试分散介质和分散剂的选择至关重要,只有According to样品的特点选择好合适的分散介质和分散剂才能获得准确的样品粒度分布。

(3) The test lens must not be polluted, and the lens must be kept clean, so as to ensure the accuracy of the test results.

(4) The shading index is controlled within an appropriate range. The dry dispersion test is controlled at 7% to 10%, and the wet dispersion test is controlled at 20% to 30%, which is a good test range.

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Author: 张永刚;黄宁;周湘玲;季军宏
Source: 中国涂料