1. Classification of Standards
According to the scope of harmonization and application of standards, they can be divided into six categories: international standards, regional standards, national standards, industry standards, local standards, and enterprise standards. According to standardization objects, standards are usually divided into three categories: technical standards, management standards and work standards.
Technical standards refer to standards formulated for technical matters that require coordination and unification in the field of standardization. Technical standards include basic technical standards, product standards, process standards, inspection and test method standards, and safety, hygiene, and environmental protection standards. Management standards refer to the standards formulated for management matters that need to be coordinated and unified in the field of standardization . Management standards include basic management standards, technical management standards, economic management standards , administrative management standards, production and operation management standards, etc. Work standards refer to the standards formulated for work responsibilities, rights, scope, quality requirements, procedures, effects, inspection methods, and assessment methods. Work standards generally include department work standards and post (individual) work standards.
Standards are divided into comprehensive standards, product standards, chemical testing method standards, safety standards , hygiene standards, environmental standards, etc. The first three categories are introduced here.
Comprehensive standards include quality control and technical management standards, such as GB 1.4-88 "Chemical Analysis Standard Compilation Regulations"; GB 8170-87 "Data Rounding Rules"; GB 3360-82 "Statistical Processing and Interpretation of Data, Mean Value Estimation and Confidence Interval"; GB 601-88 "Preparation of Standard Titration Solutions", etc.
Product standards are standards formulated for products and raw materials, and technical regulations for product structure, specifications , quality, physical and chemical indicators, and inspection methods. It is the technical basis and supporting document of the contract for product production, inspection , acceptance, use, maintenance, and domestic and foreign trade . The content includes the scope of use, product variety, specification, grade, main physical and chemical properties, use characteristics, test and detection methods and acceptance rules, as well as packaging, storage and transportation, signs, etc.
Standards for chemical testing methods are also called analytical method standards or test method standards, and include basic standards and general standards. Such as the determination of moisture in chemical products, etc., as well as the general principles of various instrumental analysis methods. Standards for chemical testing methods include technical specifications such as scope of use, method outline, instruments, materials, reagents, standard samples, measurement conditions, test procedures, result calculation, and precision
The standardized method is a mature method , not necessarily a method that is technically professional and has high accuracy. It takes a long time to develop a standard method, and it costs a lot, so its development always lags behind the need. Standardization organizations revise existing standards every few years and promulgate some new standards. Therefore, when using standard methods, attention should be paid to whether new standards have replaced the old ones, and new standard methods should be used in time.
2. Sources of standards
The sources of standards include national standards, foreign and domestic standards, and these standards can be searched in the Standard Museum of CHINA National Institute of Standardization.
(1) National Standards According to the nature of the standards, national standards can be divided into mandatory standards and suggested standards. CHINA's Standardization Law stipulates that standards and laws that guarantee human health and personal and property safety , and standards that are enforced by administrative regulations are mandatory standards. Mandatory standards are standards that are implemented within a certain range through compulsory means such as laws and administrative regulations . They have legal attributes and belong to technical regulations. Suggested standards, also known as non -mandatory standards or voluntary standards, do not have the characteristics of legal attributes. They are technical documents and do not have the function of compulsory execution. However, once the suggested standard is accepted and adopted, or the parties agree to include it in the economic contract, it becomes the technical basis that all parties need to abide by and is legally binding.
(2) International standards and foreign standards (International Organization for Standardization CISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (OEC), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and other standards of more than 70 international and regional standardization organizations; the United States, Britain, France, Russia, etc. International standards of more than 60 countries ; Japanese JISK standards; standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the American Association of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (society), etc.
ASTM standards are divided into Test Method (test method standard), Specification (specification/technical index standard), Practice (operation/implementation standard), Guide (guideline standard), Classification (classification standard), Terminology ( terminology standard) ) six categories.
ASTM standard number: standard code ASTM ten category number + serial number + year of formulation, most of the standards related to coatings are classified in the "D" category.
3. Standard management and organization
(1) CHINA's standardization work CHINA's standardization work implements a management system that combines unified management and division of . Authorized by the State Council, under the management of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of CHINA, the Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of CHINA (Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of CHINA) manages the national standardization work in a unified manner. The relevant administrative departments of the State Council and the relevant industry associations authorized by the State Council manage the standardization work of their own departments and industries according to the division of labor.
Established with the approval of the National Standardization Management Committee, the National Coatings and Pigments Standardization Technical Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Standardization Committee) is a technical organization engaged in national standardization work in the professional field of paints and pigments, and is responsible for the standardization technology Centralized work.
The main tasks of the Standardization Committee include: Putting forward suggestions on the standardization work guidelines and policies of the paint and pigment profession; proposing long-term planning and annual plans for the formulation or revision of national standards and industry standards for the paint and pigment profession; organizing the formulation of professional standards for paint and pigments System tables; organize the formulation or revision, rectification and implementation of national standards and industry standards for paints and pigments; organize and participate in the activities of the International Organization for Standardization and participate in the formulation ; be responsible for the publicity and implementation of national standards and industry standards for paints and pigments and interpretation; provide relevant standardization information and materials; be responsible for the development and distribution of standard samples for inspection; provide other standardization consulting services.
(2) A STM American Society for Testing and Materials (American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM) is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. It has developed into an international organization and has become the largest standard group in the world. one of . It has more than 35,000 members, of which more than 5,000 members are professionals from more than 100 countries in the world. Over the past 100 years, ASTM has formulated more than 11,000 sets of standards, covering materials, coatings, plastics, textiles, petroleum, construction, energy, environment, consumer products, medical equipment and devices, computer control systems, electronics and other fields. The standards and norms are not national mandatory standards and norms, but because of their wide representativeness, the industry adopts and implements the technical standards and related norms promulgated by it. In the United States, a considerable number of ASTM standards have become mandatory standards within a certain range due to the specification of the government. About half of the current ANIS comes from ASTM standards, and 40% of ASTM standards have been purchased or adopted by countries outside the United States. These standards deeply affect every aspect of people's lives.
