对于任何一种流体来说,当对其进行力学研究时,一般都牵涉到粘性与弹性两个性质。就油墨这类流体来说,它们在印刷机上当分离速率比较小时,由于粘流作用而油墨将被分离,这就是由于粘流作用(因时间足可使其发生流动)而油墨对力发生感应的一种现象。当然,随着分离速率的增加而流体油墨对力的流动感应也与时间成比而越来越小。另一方面,弹性的瞬时性也是很重要的,例如可以假设:当用一种给定的、临界的、很高的分离速率时,则油墨虽然是种塑性流体,但却可以认为它接近具有弹性固体的性质。因为当应用的力超过物质的粘附强度时,物质就会发生分裂。
我们知道,在固体的破裂过程中,首先应当确定固体的类型,脆性固体可以认为是种具有纯弹性的物质。对-一些脆性材料来说,导致破裂所需的最大能量相等于形成新的表面所需的能量。
破裂力可以由引力距离所分开的表面自由能表示之。对于大多数固体来说,其表面自由能一般在几百个尔格/厘米²之间。油墨的表面自由能的平均值为30-50尔格/厘米²。
墨膜的分离速率比较高时,破裂点的墨丝就比较短,显然,墨膜的分离也可看作是物质的分裂。实际上,墨膜的分离并不是由于流体的流动所造成的,而是出于油照这个流体物质的弹性酸裂。‘
可以看出,油墨的流变张力特江是与它的粘性和i粘雏性有关的。因为在夹缝中的压力最大,故具有比较大的层剪切,油墨在这种剪切下通过卡缝并拉成细丝而分离,在辊子上的拖曳(即形成条状)现象则是由于在夹缝中心的粘剪切的综合阻抗,以及先前分离的细丝的粘弹性的延长作用所形成的、
有关粘度机粘性的定义己在前面提及。所谓弹性,就是指物你抵抗引起形变的外力,并在外力消失后回复至原状的能万。"如"果物体能完全回复原状,那它就叫做弹性体,如果物休只能部分地回复至原状,那它就叫做塑弹体或粘弹体。
Viscoelasticity is an important transformation of the mechanical properties of polymer materials. It can be understood that paste inks also have this characteristic. We know that a satisfactory elastic solid obeys Hooke's law, that is, when the deformation is small, the stress is proportional to the strain, while a satisfactory viscous liquid obeys Newton's law, that is, the stress is proportional to the strain rate.
We know that the mechanical behavior of polymer materials strongly depends on the temperature and the time of external force. Under the action of external force, the deformation properties of polymer materials are between elastic materials and viscous materials, and the stress can depend on both strain and strain rate. . That is to say, it has the characteristics of both the elasticity of a solid and the viscosity of a liquid, which is the so-called viscoelasticity. If this combination of viscoelasticity is composed of the elasticity of a solid that obeys Hooke's law and the viscosity of a liquid that obeys Newton's fixed bowl, it is called linear viscoelasticity, and vice versa, it is called nonlinear viscoelasticity. elasticity.
